Biochar

Explained

Biochar is a solid, black substance which bears a strong resemblance to charcoal. It is lightweight, fine-grained and very porous, which are all properties that are useful in its primary use as a soil amendment.

Biochar is produced during a process called pyrolysis – burning biomass at a very high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis also generates heat, making the reaction self-sustaining, with the excess energy available as a source of green energy. The process is therefore an engineered carbon removal technology.

How is biochar made?

1. Biomass Collection

The first step involves gathering organic material, known as biomass. This can include wood, agricultural residues, manure, or other organic waste.

2. Preparation of Biochar 

The collected biomass is often processed to achieve uniformity in size and reduce moisture content. This preparation ensures more efficient pyrolysis.

3. Pyrolysis

The prepared biomass is then subjected to pyrolysis. This involves heating the material to a high temperature (generally around 500-600°C) in a chamber with little to no oxygen. The lack of oxygen is crucial as it prevents the biomass from burning completely and turning to ash.

4. Chemical Transformation

Under these high-temperature and low-oxygen conditions, the biomass undergoes a chemical transformation. Instead of burning, it decomposes into several different substances, one of which is biochar.

5. Cooling & Final Processing 

After pyrolysis, the biochar is cooled and can then be processed further if required, such as being ground into smaller particles.

What is the

History of Biochar?

Humans have actually been making biochar for thousands of years. Scientists have discovered areas of dark, nutrient-rich soil in the Amazon rainforest, on land that indigenous Amazonians have been farming for millennia. This dark and high quality soil was an anomaly amongst the drier, nutrient-poor soil that is more commonly found in the Amazon.

‘Terra Preta’ (literally ‘black soil’) was found to have been created by adding organic materials and charcoal to the naturally poor rainforest soil. The practice, which dates back at least 2,500 years, resulted in highly fertile, long-lasting soil that amazingly remains productive to this day. 

Even without the luxury of lab testing, ancient Amazonian people realised the benefits that Terra Preta brought to their land - the proof was in increased yields and larger produce. What they may not have realised however, was the environmental benefits that biochar brings. 

Ancient Amazonians –

The Original Climate Warriors.

Terra Preta is extraordinarily rich in nutrients, but also a powerful carbon sink – up to 7.5 times more carbon was found in Amazonian Dark Earth, compared to the surrounding soils.

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Biochar

Feedstock

Biochar can be made from all kinds of biomass feedstocks. Each type of biomass has its own physiochemical characteristics which influence the biochar produced, meaning a biochar production facility can tailor their process to create “designer” biochar. A few examples of feedstock include woody by-products, green waste, compost oversize, AD digestate, food by-product, poultry litter and arb by-product.

A feedstock's physical and chemical properties play a vital role in deciding the properties of biochar that will be produced. Some of the key properties include:

Calorific Value

‍In general being over 12 MJ/kg on a dry basis will keep the production process self-sustaining. Any more than that can be used to dry feedstock or generate green energy.

Carbon Content

The more fixed carbon, the more will be sequestered in the biochar, generating carbon credits. Usually, upwards of 25% is a good figure.

Biochar yield

Different feedstocks will deliver different amounts of biochar for every tonne of feedstock. Typically, high volatile matter will convert to energy, making less biochar.

Moisture Content

A wet feedstock requires significant energy in bringing the moisture content down to the required 15%, which can usually be powered from the energy from the pyrolysis process.

Carbon

sequestered

The carbon contained in all biomass was at one time absorbed from the atmosphere as plants. If left to decay or burned, the CO2 returns to the atmosphere. By heating biomass in the absence of oxygen, we can interrupt this cycle and securely sequester the carbon in a substance called biochar.

Biochar

Properties

Biochar products come in lots of forms depending on the material the biochar was made from and what the biochar is blended with. One key feature of biochar is its high carbon content and, depending on what the biochar is made from, the carbon content is likely to be between 50-90% of material. The remainder of the biochar is typically made up of ash. Ash is important as it can hold reasonably high levels of nutrients and is a source of trace elements which are required by plants.   

Some of the properties of biochar which can positively impact soil and plant growth are: 

pH Levels

pH measures how acidic or alkaline the product is. pH ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. Biochar is typically alkaline and can help reduce soil acidity. Most plants like a pH of between 6 and 7.5, but there are some acid/alkali loving plants which like more extreme conditions.

Biochar Surface Area

The surface area of biochar is linked to its porosity. Biochar with a high surface area possess a higher water Holding Capacity (WHC) and can support greater microbial life (given microbes like to live in biochar pores). 

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

CEC measures the product’s ability to hold and exchange positively charged ions (cations) like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Biochar can boost soil’s CEC, leading to more nutrient retention (avoiding leaching) and reliable nutrients supply to plants over time. 

Water Holding Capacity (WHC)  

The WHC measures how much water the product can hold as a percentage of its dry weight before it is fully saturated. A high-water holding capacity indicates the product will remain moist and require less frequent watering. Biochar’s high WHC helps the soil retain moisture and nutrients.  

Electrical Conductivity (EC) 

Conductivity measures the soil’s ability to conduct an electrical current, which is influenced by the concentration of soluble salts (ions) in products. Higher EC indicates higher salinity and nutrient availability in products. Biochar can boost the EC of soil, promoting better nutrient uptake.

Biochar Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio  

The H/C ratio indicates the amount of hydrogen to carbon present in the biochar. The lower this figure the more stable the biochar is, resulting in the biochar and its carbon remaining in the soil without breaking down.  

Macro & Micro-nutrients

The nutrient composition of biochar affects its ability to support plant growth and soil fertility. Biochar can contain varying levels of macronutrients like NPK. It may also include trace amounts of micronutrients such as copper, manganese, and zinc - all essential for plant health.

Microorganisms  

Biochar can contain beneficial microorganisms that are already present within it, which can help improve soil health. Additionally, biochar’s porous structure and surface chemistry provide an ideal habitat for microbes from the surrounding soil to colonise.

Biochar

applications

Adding biochar to soil is the most common usage. Biochar in soil boosts nutrient and water retention, resulting in increased root growth, higher yields and bigger produce. These benefits alone are enough reason to use biochar but, coupled with its sustainability credentials (sequestering carbon that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere), biochar really is a win-win soil amendment.  

But biochar isn’t limited to soil application. In more recent years, trade and industry have been finding new application settings, putting biochar’s many varied properties to good use. Here are just a few of the ways biochar can be used:

Gardeners

Biochar improves soil structure, boosts nutrient retention, enhances microbial life, and promotes healthy plant growth.

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Landscapers

Biochar helps create healthy, sustainable environments that will look great and provide soil benefits for years to come.

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Growers

If your business needs high yields, healthy produce and a long shelf life, biochar can deliver great, sustainable results.

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Building Materials

Biochar can be added to concrete and other building materials to increase performance and help achieve sustainability targets.

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Animal Health

Biochar can be added to animal bedding to reduce odours, and to livestock feed to recede methane levels.

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Other Uses

Biochar has many interesting and unexpected applications. Biochar is an excellent material that can be used for odour management, water filtration and so much more...

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Holy

Cow!

Adding just 0.5 - 1% of biochar to livestock feed can reduce methane by 10%+. Biochar passes through the cow and, once it comes out the other side, dung beetles get to work to bury this carbon into the ground. This natural process keeps carbon locked away for hundreds of years, all whilst improving soil health.

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Is Biochar Sustainable? 

Yes! Biochar is considered a sustainable product for the following reasons:

1) Carbon Sequestration – Biochar locks away carbon in a stable form for hundreds to thousands of years, preventing it from re-entering the atmosphere as CO₂. Through pyrolysis, roughly 50% of the carbon that would otherwise be emitted is saved and stored. 

2) Soil Improvement – Biochar enhances soil fertility, improves water retention, and supports microbial life, reducing the need to produce and apply chemical fertilisers. 

3) Waste Reduction – Biochar is made from biomass waste (feedstocks include arboricultural waste, AD Digestate and poultry litter), turning waste into a valuable and environmentally responsible resource. 

4) Renewable Production – If produced using sustainable biomass sources and self-sustaining pyrolysis (low-oxygen heating), producing biochar can be carbon-negative.

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Biochar as Part of the

Peat-Free Solution

Peat extraction releases stored carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. It also contributes to the destruction of unique ecosystems, threatening biodiversity and displacing species that depend on these habitats. These adverse effects have driven the call for sustainable, peat-free solutions. Biochar, with its moisture and nutrient retention capabilities, as well as its ability to sequester carbon, is being increasingly turned to as part of the peat-free solution. 

Peat Belongs in Bogs,

Not Bags.

Emissions produced by peat extraction in the UK since 1990 are equivalent to 15 million return flights from London to New York (based on emissions from a return flight amounting to 2 tonnes CO2e).

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want to

learn more?

Our factsheet is a comprehensive guide for biochar and how it works. With summaries, glossaries, property tables, product descriptions and application rates, this fully-referenced factsheet can help you familiarise yourself with the world of biochar.

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